Pregnancy

Medication Use in Pregnancy

American Academy of Pediatrics [AAP]. (2012). Breastfeeding and the use of human milk: Section on breastfeeding. Pediatrics, 129 (3), e827-e841.

American Academy of Pediatrics [AAP]. (2013). the transfer of drugs and therapeutics into human breast milk: An update on selected topics. H. C. Sachs and Committee on drugs. Pediatrics, 132(3). e796-809. doi 10.1542/peds.2013-1985

National Institutes of Health [NIH]. (2016). LactMed: Drugs and lactation database. Available at: https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/newtoxnet/lactmed.htm note: app for computer lookup and all handheld devices available at this link.

The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. (2017, November 27). Medicine Guidelines During Pregnancy: Overview. Health Library-Drugs, Devices, & Supplements. Retrieved March 21, 2018 from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/4396-medicine-guidelines-during-pregnancy

U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA]. (2014). Content and format of labeling for human prescription drug and biological products; requirements for pregnancy and lactation labeling. Available at: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2014/12/04/2014-28241/content-and-format-of-labeling-for-human-prescription-drug-and-biological-products-requirements-for

U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA]. (2016). Pregnancy and lactation labeling (drugs) final rule. Available online from: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/Labeling/ucm093307.htm

Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2012). Breastfeeding and the use of human milk: Section on breastfeeding. Pediatrics 129 (3), e827-e841.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2013). The transfer of drugs and therapeutics into human breast milk: An update on selected topics. Pediatrics, 132(3). e796-809. doi 10.1542/peds.2013-1985

Pernia, S., DeMaagd, G. (2016). The new pregnancy and lactation labeling rule. Pharmacy & Therapeutics 41 (11): 713-715. Retrieved March 17, 2018, from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5083079/

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2016). Pregnancy and lactation labeling (drugs) final rule. Retrieved March 17, 2018, from: from: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/Labeling/ucm093307.htm

U.S. National Library of Medicine. LactMed, a Toxnet Database. Retrieved March 17, 2018, from: https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/newtoxnet/lactmed.htm

Immunizations During Pregnancy

American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2007). Guidelines for Perinatal Care (6th ed.). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.

Beckmann, C. R., Casanova, R., Ling, F. W., Chuang, A., Herbert, W. N., Goepfert, A. R., Weiss, P. M. (2014). Obstetrics and Gynecology (7th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Vaccine Recommendations and Guidelines of the ACIP. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/special-situations.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Guidelines for vaccinating pregnant women. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pregnancy

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Pregnancy and Vaccination. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pregnancy/hcp/guidelines.html

Preconception Care

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). FAQ056. Good Health Before Pregnancy: Preconception Care. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Good-Health-Before-Pregnancy-Preconception-Care

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Before Pregnancy. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.cdc.gov/preconception/index.html

Farahi, N., Zolotor, A. (2013). Recommendations for Preconception Counseling and Care. American Family Physician. 88(8):499-506.

Frayne, D.J. (2017). Preconception Care Is Primary Care: A Call to Action. American Family Physician. 96(8):492-494.

Sackey, J.A. (2018). The preconception office visit. UpToDate. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-preconception-office-visit

World Health Organization. (2013). Preconception care: Maximizing the gains for maternal and child health. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/preconception_care_policy_brief.pdf

Prenatal Care

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2016). Practice Bulletin: Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists. Prenatal Diagnostic Testing for Genetic Disorders. Retrieved March 18, 2018 from https://s3.amazonaws.com/cdn.smfm.org/publications/223/download-f5260f3bc6686c15e4780f8100c74448.pdf

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2011). Committee opinion no.494: Sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin and risk of birth defects. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 117(6), 1483-1485.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2008). ACOG committee opinion no. 418: Prenatal and perinatal human immunodeficiency virus testing: Expanded recommendations. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 112, 739.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2008). ACOG practice bulletin no. 95: Anemia in pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 112(1), 201-207.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2002). Committee opinion no.267: Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 99,171-173.

Garner, C.D. (2018). Medical history that poses potential nutrition-related risks in pregnancy. Table in: Nutrition in pregnancy. UpToDate. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?topicKey=453&search=&source=outline_link&imageKey=OBGYN%2F107824

Lockwood, C.L., Magriples, U. (2018). Prenatal care: initial assessment. UpToDate. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prenatal-care-initial-assessment

Lockwood, C.L., Magriples, U. (2018). Prenatal care: second and third trimesters. UpToDate. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prenatal-care-second-and-third-trimesters

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2009). Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in pregnancy: U.S. Preventive Services task force reaffirmation recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 150(12), 869-873.

Physiologic and Psychologic Changes of Pregnancy

American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2012). Guidelines for Perinatal Care (7th ed.) Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.

Bauer, K.A. (2017). Maternal adaptations to pregnancy: Hematologic changes. UpToDate. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/maternal-adaptations-to-pregnancy-hematologic-changes

Bermas, B.L. (2017). Maternal adaptations to pregnancy: Musculoskeletal changes and pain. UpToDate. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/maternal-adaptations-to-pregnancy-musculoskeletal-changes-and-pain

Bianco, A. (2017). Maternal adaptations to pregnancy: Gastrointestinal tract. UpToDate. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/maternal-adaptations-to-pregnancy-gastrointestinal-tract

Brown, H.D. (2018). Physiology of pregnancy. Merck Manual Professional Version. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/approach-to-the-pregnant-woman-and-prenatal-care/physiology-of-pregnancy

Hall, M.E., George, E.M., Granger, J.P. (2011). The heart during pregnancy. Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition). 64 (11) 1045-1050. doi: 10.1016/j.recesp.2011.07.009

LoMauro, A, Aliverti, A. (2015). Respiratory physiology of pregnancy. Breathe. 11(4): 297–301. doi: 10.1183/20734735.008615

Petraglia, F., D’Antona, D. (2017). Maternal adaptations to pregnancy: Endocrine and metabolic changes. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/maternal-adaptations-to-pregnancy-endocrine-and-metabolic-changes

Sanghavi, M. (2014). Cardiovascular physiology of pregnancy. 130:1003-1008. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.009029

Soma-Pillay, P., et al. (2016). Physiological changes in pregnancy. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 27(2): 89-94. doi: 10.5830/CVJA-2016-02

Somani, S. (2015). Pregnancy Special Considerations. Physiologic Ocular Changes Occurring During Pregnancy. Medscape. Retrieved March 18, 2018 from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1229740-overview#a2

Thadhani, R.I., Maynard, S.E. (2017). Maternal adaptations to pregnancy: Renal and urinary tract physiology. UpToDate. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/maternal-adaptations-to-pregnancy-renal-and-urinary-tract-physiology

Adolescent Pregnancy

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). ACOG Committee on Adolescent Healthcare: Committee Opinion No. 699. Adolescent Pregnancy, Contraception, and Sexual Activity. Retrieved March 17, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Adolescent-Health-Care/Adolescent-Pregnancy-Contraception-and-Sexual-Activity

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). About Teen Pregnancy. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from: https://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/about/index.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Reproductive Health: Teen Pregnancy. Health Care Providers and Teen Pregnancy Prevention. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from: https://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/health-care-providers/index.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Reproductive Health: Teen Pregnancy. Improving Contraceptive Access: Tools for Providers. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/health-care-providers/improving-contraceptive-access.html

Martin, J.A., Hamilton, B.E., Osterman, M.J.K., et al. (2017) Births: Final data for 2015. National Vital Statistics Report, 66 (1). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.

Nutrition and Exercise in Pregnancy

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2011). FAQ119. Exercise during pregnancy. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/~/media/For%20Patients/faq119.pdf?dmc=1&ts=2012

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2015). Nutrition during pregnancy. FAQ001. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Nutrition-During-Pregnancy

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2015). Physical Activity and Exercise During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Committee Opinion No. 650. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Physical-Activity-and-Exercise-During-Pregnancy-and-the-Postpartum-Period

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Weight Gain During Pregnancy. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pregnancy-weight-gain.htm

Garner, C.D. (2018). Nutrition in pregnancy. UpToDate. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nutrition-in-pregnancy

Knight, M. (2017). Diet and exercise in pregnancy. Editorial. BMJ 358 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3283. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: http://www.bmj.com/content/358/bmj.j3283

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases. (2018). Health Tips for Pregnant Women. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/health-tips-pregnant-women

Common Discomforts in Pregnancy

Ankle Edema in Pregnancy

American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2012). Guidelines for Perinatal Care (7th ed.) Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.

Bickley, L.S., & Szilagyi, P.G. (2008). Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking (10th ed.) Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Davidson, M. B., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2007). Old's Maternal-Newborn Nursing and Women’s Health Across the Lifespan. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Heine, P.H., Swamy, G.K. Lower extremity edema during late pregnancy. Merck Manual Professional. Retrieved March 17, 2018, from: https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/symptoms-during-pregnancy/lower-extremity-edema-during-late-pregnancy

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2017). What causes ankle swelling during pregnancy, and what can I do about it? Retrieved March 17, 2018, from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/swelling-during-pregnancy/faq-20058467

Varney, J., Kriebs, J. M., & Gegor, C. L. (2015). Varney's Midwifery (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Backache in Pregnancy

American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2012). Guidelines for Perinatal Care (7th ed.) Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.

American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists. (2016). Back pain during pregnancy. FAQ 115. Retrieved March 17, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Back-Pain-During-Pregnancy

Back Pain During Pregnancy. (2017). Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health. 62(1):135-136. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12597.

Davidson, M. B., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2011). Old's Maternal-Newborn Nursing and Women’s Health Across the Lifespan. (9th ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Constipation in Pregnancy

American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2012). Guidelines for Perinatal Care (7th ed.) Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.

Davidson, M. B., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2011). Old's Maternal-Newborn Nursing and Women’s Health Across the Lifespan. (9th ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Rungsiprakarn, P., et al. (2015). Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011448.pub2. Retrieved March 17, 2018, from: http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011448.pub2/full

Trottier, M., Erebara, A., Bozzo, P. (2012). Treating constipation during pregnancy. Canadian Family Physician. 58 (8): 836-838.

Varney, J., Kriebs, J. M., & Gegor, C. L. (2015). Varney's Midwifery (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Heartburn in Pregnancy

American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2012). Guidelines for Perinatal Care (7th ed.) Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.

Gerson, L.B. (2012). Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease During Pregnancy. Gastroenterology and Hepatology 8(11): 763-764

Varney, J., Kriebs, J. M., & Gegor, C. L. (2015). Varney's Midwifery (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Vazquez, J.C. (2015). Heartburn in pregnancy. BMJ Clinical Evidence. Retrieved March 17, 2018, from: http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/x/systematic-review/1411/overview.html

Hemorrhoids in Pregnancy

American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2012). Guidelines for Perinatal Care (7th ed.) Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.

Mirhaidari, S.J., Porter, J.A., Slezak, F.A. (2016). Thrombosed external hemorrhoids in pregnancy: a retrospective review of outcomes. International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 31(8):1557-9. doi: 10.1007/s00384-016-2565-y.

Shirah, B.H., et al. (2017). Hemorrhoids during pregnancy: Sitz bath vs. ano-rectal cream: A comparative prospective study of two conservative treatment protocols. pii: S1871-5192(17)30282-2. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2017.10.003.

University of Rochester Medical Center. Health Encyclopedia. Hemorrhoids and Varicose Veins in Pregnancy. Retrieved March 17, 2018, from: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=134&contentid=9

Varney, J., Kriebs, J. M., & Gegor, C. L. (2015). Varney's Midwifery (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

WebMD. Hemorrhoids and Constipation in Pregnancy: Topic Overview. Retrieved March 17, 2018, from: https://www.webmd.com/baby/tc/pregnancy-hemorrhoids-and-constipation-topic-overview

Leg Cramps in Pregnancy

Bickley, L.S., & Szilagyi, P.G. (2016). Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Davidson, M. B., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2015). Olds’ Maternal-Newborn Nursing and Women's Health Across the Lifespan. (10th ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Hensley, J. G. (2009). Leg cramps and restless leg syndrome during pregnancy. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 54(3), 211-218.

Zhou, K., West, H.M., Zhang, J., Xu, L., Li, W. (2015). Interventions for leg cramps during pregnancy. Cochrane Collaboration. Retrieved March 17, 2018, from: http://www.cochrane.org/CD010655/PREG_interventions-leg-cramps-during-pregnancy

Leukorrhea in Pregnancy

American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2012). Guidelines for Perinatal Care (7th ed.) Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.

American Pregnancy Association. (2015). Vaginal discharge during pregnancy. Retrieved March 17, 2018, from: http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/vaginal-discharge-during-pregnancy/

Davidson, M. B., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2015). Olds’ Maternal-Newborn Nursing and Women's Health Across the Lifespan. (10th ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Varney, J., Kriebs, J. M., & Gegor, C. L. (2015). Varney's Midwifery (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Nasal Congestion and Epistaxis in Pregnancy

Davidson, M. B., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2015). Olds’ Maternal-Newborn Nursing and Women's Health Across the Lifespan. (10th ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Goldstein, G., Govindaraj, S. (2012). Rhinologic issues in pregnancy. Allergy and Rhinology. 3(1): e13-e15. doi: 10.2500/ar.2012.3.0028

Schatz, M. (2018). Recognition and management of allergic disease during pregnancy. UpToDate. Retrieved March 17, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/recognition-and-management-of-allergic-disease-during-pregnancy

Varney, J., Kriebs, J. M., & Gegor, C. L. (2015). Varney's Midwifery (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 189: Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 131(1): e15-e30. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002456

Campbell, K., Rowe, H., Azzam, H., Lane, C.A. (2016). The management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 38(12): 1127-1137. doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2016.08.009.

Smith, J.A., Refuerzo, J.S., Fox, K.A. (2018). Treatment and outcome of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. UpToDate. Retrieved March 17, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-outcome-of-nausea-and-vomiting-of-pregnancy

Round Ligament Pain in Pregnancy

Aguilera, P.A. (2018). Pregnancy, round ligament pain. E Medicine Health. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pregnancy_round_ligament_pain/article_em.htm#pregnancy_round_ligament_pain_overview

Murry, M.M. (2014). Round ligament pain: understanding this pregnancy complaint. Mayo Clinic Pregnancy and You blog. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-blog/round-ligament-pain/bgp-20111536

Round ligament pain during pregnancy. (2018). WebMD. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/pregnancy-round-ligament-pain#1

Varicose Veins in Pregnancy

Davidson, M. B., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2015). Olds’ Maternal-Newborn Nursing and Women's Health Across the Lifespan. (10th ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

De Cossart, L. (2001). Varicose veins and pregnancy. British Journal of Surgery. 88(3):323-324.

Horse Chestnut. WebMD Find a Vitamin or Supplement. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1055-horse%20chestnut.aspx?activeingredientid=1055&activeingredientname=horse%20chestnut

Smyth, R.M., Aflaifel, N., Bamigboye A.A. (2015). Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews. 19;(10):CD001066. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001066.pub3.

Varney, J., Kriebs, J. M., & Gegor, C. L. (2015). Varney's Midwifery (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Urinary Frequency in Pregnancy

Davidson, M. B., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2015). Olds’ Maternal-Newborn Nursing and Women's Health Across the Lifespan. (10th ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Thadani, R., Maynard, S.E. (2017). Maternal adaptations to pregnancy: Renal and urinary tract physiology. UpToDate. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/maternal-adaptations-to-pregnancy-renal-and-urinary-tract-physiology

Urinary problems during pregnancy. WebMD. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.webmd.com/baby/tc/urinary-problems-during-pregnancy-topic-overview

Varney, J., Kriebs, J. M., & Gegor, C. L. (2015). Varney's Midwifery (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Conditions that Complicate Pregnancy

Abruptio Placentae

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 188: Prelabor Rupture of Membranes. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 131(1):e1-e14. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002455.

Deering, S. (2017). Medscape Drugs and Disease. Obstetrics & Gynecology. Abruptio Placentae. Retrieved March 15, 2018, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252810-overview#a1

Schmidt, P., Raines, D. (2018). Placental Abruption (Abruptio Placentae). In: StatPearls: StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL.

Acute Cystitis in Pregnancy

Ailes, E.C., Summers, A.D., Tran, E.T., Gilboa, S.M., Arnold, K.E., Meany-Delman, D., Reefhuis, J. (2018). Antibiotics Dispensed to Privately Insured Pregnant Women with Urinary Tract Infections—United States, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6701a4.htm?s_cid=mm6701a4_e

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Key Findings: Antibiotic Treatments for Urinary Tract Infections Are Commonly Prescribed To Pregnant Women. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/meds/treatingfortwo/features/kf-uti-antibiotic-treatments-pregnant-women.html

Hooton, T.M., Gupta, K. (2017). Urinary tract infections and asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. UpToDate. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/urinary-tract-infections-and-asymptomatic-bacteriuria-in-pregnancy

Johnson, K. (2017). Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnancy Treatment & Management. Medscape. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452604-treatment

Kalinderi, K., Delkos, D., Kalinderis, M., Athanadiasis, A., Kalogiannidis I. (2018). Urinary tract infection during pregnancy: current concepts on a common multifaceted problem. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 6, 1-6. doi: 10.1080/01443615.2017.1370579.

Cervical Insufficiency

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2014). ACOG Practice Bulletin No.142: Cerclage for the management of cervical insufficiency. Obstet Gynecol. 123(2 Pt 1): 372-379. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000443276.68274.cc

Berghella, V. (2018). UpToDate. Cervical Insufficiency. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cervical-insufficiency

Norwitz, E. (2016). Cervical Insufficiency. Medscape. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1979914-overview

Ectopic Pregnancy

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 191. Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from:

https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Practice-Bulletins/Committee-on-Practice-Bulletins-Gynecology/Tubal-Ectopic-Pregnancy

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). FAQ155: Ectopic Pregnancy. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Ectopic-Pregnancy

Broussard, A. B., & Hurst, H. M. (2009). Antepartum-intrapartum complications. In M. T. Verklan & M. Walden (Eds.) AWHONN: Core Curriculum for Neonatal Intensive Care Nursing. Philadelphia: Saunders.

Sepilian, V. (2017). Ectopic Pregnancy. Medscape. Retrieved March 15, 2018 from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190 Summary: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Obstetrics & Gynecology 131 (2), 406-408. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002498

American Diabetes Association. (2018). Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 41 (Suppl 1): S1-S2. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-Sint01

Harper L.M. et al. (2016). Carpenter-Coustan Compared With National Diabetes Data Group Criteria for Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 127(5) 893-898. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001383

Moore, T. (2018). Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy, Gestational Diabetes. Medscape. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/127547-overview#a2

United States Preventive Services Task Force. (2014). Gestational diabetes screening. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from:: http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Topic/recommendation-summary/gestational-diabetes-mellitus-screening

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

ACOG committee opinion no. 418: Prenatal and perinatal human immunodeficiency virus testing: Expanded recommendations. (2008). Obstetrics and Gynecology, 112, 739.

American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (Ed.). (2007). Guidelines for perinatal care (6th Ed.). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (2002). Committee opinion no.267: Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 99,171-173.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (2011). Committee opinion no.494: Sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin and risk of birth defects. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 117(6), 1483-1485.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (2011). Committee opinion no.504: Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 118(3), 751-753

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2008). ACOG practice bulletin no. 95: Anemia in pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology, 112(1), 201-207.

American Diabetes Association. (2010), Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 33, S62.

American Diabetes Association (2014). Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care doi: 10.2337/dc14-S014, 37 (1) S14-S80.

American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.aocd.org/?page=PUPPP.

Bickley, L.S., & Szilagyi, P.G. (2008). Bates' guide to physical examination and history taking (10th Ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Broussard, A. B., & Hurst, H. M. (2009). Antepartum-intrapartum complications. In M. T. Verklan & M. Walden (Eds.), AWHONN: Core curriculum for neonatal intensive care nursing Philadelphia: Saunders.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep 2015; 64 (No.RR-3): 1-137.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011b). Iron and iron deficiency anemia. Retrieved 2/19/15 from http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/everyone/basics/vitamins/iron.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). Guidelines for vaccinating pregnant women. Abstracted from recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

Davidson, M. B., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2007). Old's maternal-newborn nursing and women's health across the lifespan. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Hensley, J. G. (2009). Leg cramps and restless leg syndrome during pregnancy. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 54(3), 211-218.

Hurst, H. (2007). Section 2: Selected pregnancy complications (bleeding in pregnancy). In S. Perry, K. Cashion & D. Lowdermilk (Eds.), Clinical companion for maternity and women's health care. New York: Elsevier.

Johnson, E., & Kim, E. (2011). Urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Medscape. Retrieved 2/18/15 from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452604-overview

King, T., & Brucker, M. (2011). Pharmacology for women’s health. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Moore, L. E. & Hernandez, E. (2016). Hydatidiform mole. Retrieved on 01/21/17 from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254657-overview#a4

Ngan, H., Seckl, M.J., Berkowitz, R.S., Xiang, Y., Golfier, F., Sekharan, P.K., & Lurain, J.R. (2015). Update on the diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic disease. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 131, S123-S126.

Prevention of varicella. Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (2007). MMWR, 56(1).

Roszenhoic, A., Dodge, J., Breguet, M. & Sautheir, P. (2016). Gestational trophoblastic disease: Opportunities for a national registry collaboration. International journal of gynecological cancer, 26(6), 1182-1185.

Rioux, F.M., & LeBlanc, C.P. (2007). Iron supplementation during pregnancy: What are the risks and benefits of current practice? Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and metabolism, 32, 282-288.

Screening for hepatitis b virus infection in pregnancy: U.S. Preventive services task force reaffirmation recommendation statement. (2009). Annals of Internal Medicine, 150(12), 869-873.

United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). (2014). Gestational diabetes screening. Retrieved 2/11/15 from http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Topic/recommendation-summary/gestational-diabetes-mellitus-screening.

Varney, J., Kriebs, J. M., & Gegor, C. L. (2004). Varney's midwifery (4th Ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Hyperemesis Gravidarum

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2015). FAQ126 Morning Sickness: Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Morning-Sickness-Nausea-and-Vomiting-of-Pregnancy

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2015). Practice Bulletin No. 153: Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 126:e12-24. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001048

Smith, J.A. (2018). Treatment and outcome of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. UpToDate. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-outcome-of-nausea-and-vomiting-of-pregnancy

Wegrzyniak, L.J., Repke, J.T., Ural, S.H. (2012). Treatment of Hyperemesis Gravidarum. Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 5(2): 78–84.

Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2008). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 95: Anemia in pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 112 (1): 201-207. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181809c0d.

Gautam, C. (2008). Iron Deficiency in Pregnancy and the Rationality of Iron Supplements Prescribed During Pregnancy. The Medscape Journal of Medicine. Retrieved March 22, 2018, from: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/583028_3

Harper, J. (2018). Iron Deficiency Anemia. Medscape. Retrieved March 22, 2018, from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview

Nguyen, V., Wuebbolt, D. Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy and Treatment Options: A Patient-Preference Study. Obstetrics & Gynecology. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000514632.23408.54

Multiple Gestation

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2015). FAQ188 Multiple Pregnancy. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Multiple-Pregnancy

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2014). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 144: Multifetal gestations: twin, triplet, and higher-order multifetal pregnancies. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 123(5):1118-32. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000446856.51061.3e.

Chasen, S.T. (2018). Twin pregnancy: prenatal issues. UpToDate. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/twin-pregnancy-prenatal-issues

Heard, A. (2016). Multifetal Pregnancy. Overview, Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology. Medscape Drugs and Disease Obstetrics and Gynecology. Retrieved March 19, 2018 from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1618038-overview

Mugglestone, M.A. (2011). Practice Guidelines. Antenatal care for twin and triplet pregnancies: summary of NICE guidance

BMJ. 343 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5714

Placenta Previa

Bakker, R. (2018). Placenta previa. Medscape. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/262063-overview

Kollman, M., Gaulhofer, J., Lang, U., Klaritsch, P. (2016). Placenta praevia: incidence, risk factors and outcome. Journal of Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 29 (9) 1395-1398. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1049152

Lockwood, CJ. (2018). Placenta previa: management. UpToDate. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/placenta-previa-management

Silver, R.M. (2015). Abnormal Placentation: Placenta Previa, Vasa Previa, and Placenta Accreta. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 126 (3): 654-688.

Preeclampsia, Eclampsia

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). Hypertension in Pregnancy. Retrieved March 22, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/~/media/Task%20Force%20and%20Work%20Group%20Reports/public/HypertensioninPregnancy.pdf

Ross, M. (2017). Eclampsia. Medscape. Retrieved March 22, 2018, from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253960-overview#a1

United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2017). What causes preeclampsia and eclampsia? Retrieved March 22, 2018, from: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/preeclampsia/conditioninfo/causes

World Health Organization. (2011). WHO Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia. Retrieved March 22, 2018, from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK140555/

Preterm Labor

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2012). ACOG practice bulletin no. 127: Management of preterm labor. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 119 (6): 1308-17. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31825af2f0.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Preterm (Premature) Labor and Birth: Resource Overview. Retrieved March 22, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/Womens-Health/Preterm-Premature-Labor-and-Birth

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Preterm Birth. Retrieved March 22, 2018, from: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pretermbirth.htm

Ross, M. (2017). Preterm Labor: Practice Essentials. Medscape. Retrieved March 22, 2018, from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/260998-overview#a1

Postpartum Depression

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2010). Clinical Report—Incorporating Recognition and Management of Perinatal and Postpartum Depression

Into Pediatric Practice. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2010/10/25/peds.2010-2348.full.pdf

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Depression and Postpartum Depression: Resource Overview. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/Womens-Health/Depression-and-Postpartum-Depression

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2013). Postpartum depression. FAQ091. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Postpartum-Depression

Haim, A., Albin-Brooks, C., Sherer, M., Mills, E., & Leuner, B. (2016). The effects of gestational stress and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant treatment on structural plasticity in the postpartum brain¬. A translational model for postpartum depression. Hormones and Behavior 77, 125-131. Doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.05.005

Hallgren, M. (2016). Exercise and Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for depression. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48, 383.

Health Canada. (2016). Summary safety review. Antidepressants. Assessing the potential risk of serious eye disorder (acute-closure glaucoma). Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/medeffect-canada/safety-reviews/summary-safety-review-hormone-replacement-therapy-estrogenic-progestogenic-agents-selective-estrogen-receptor-modulators-serms-assessing-potential.html

National Institute of Mental Health. Postpartum Depression Facts. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/postpartum-depression-facts/index.shtml

Nedhari, A. (2011). Examining Postpartum Depression Symptoms and Treatment. Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse, 3(08). Retrieved March 16, 2018, from: http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=558

O’Connor, E., Rossom, R., Henninger, M., Groom, H.C., & Burda, B.U. (2016). Primary care screening for and treatment of depression in pregnant and postpartum women: Evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Journal of the American Medical Association 315(4), 388-406. Doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.18948

Postterm Labor

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2014). ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 146: Management of Late-Term and Postterm Pregnancies. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 124: 390-396.

Norwitz, E. (2018). Patient Education: Postterm pregnancy (Beyond the Basics). UpToDate. Retrieved March 22, 2018, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/postterm-pregnancy-beyond-the-basics

Caughey, A. (2016). Postterm Pregnancy. Medscape. Retrieved March 22, 2018, from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/261369-overview#a6

Umbilical Cord Prolapse

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). Committee Opinion. Approaches to Limit Intervention During Labor and Birth. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/-/media/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/co687.pdf

Bush, M. (2017). Umbilical cord prolapse. UpToDate. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/umbilical-cord-prolapse

Phelan, S. (2013). Umbilical cord prolapse. Contemporary ObGyn. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from: http://contemporaryobgyn.modernmedicine.com/contemporary-obgyn/content/tags/bradley-holbrook-md/umbilical-cord-prolapse?page=full

Spontaneous Abortion

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2015). Early pregnancy loss. Practice Bulletin No. 150. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 125:1258–67. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Practice-Bulletins/Committee-on-Practice-Bulletins-Gynecology/Early-Pregnancy-Loss

BMJ Publishing Group. (2017). Miscarriage. BMJ Best Practice. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from: http://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/666

Prine, L.W., Macnaughton, H. (2011). Office management of early pregnancy loss. American Family Physician. 84(1):75-82. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from: https://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/0701/p75.html

Puscheck, E. (2017). Early Pregnancy Loss. Medscape. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from: https://reference.medscape.com/article/266317-overview

Tulandi, T., Al-Fozan, H. (2017). Spontaneous abortion: Risk factors, etiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic evaluation. UpToDate. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/spontaneous-abortion-risk-factors-etiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnostic-evaluation

Tulandi, T., Al-Fozan, H. (2017). Patient education: Miscarriage (Beyond the Basics). UpToDate. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/miscarriage-beyond-the-basics

Substance Use Disorder in Pregnancy

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2017). Committee Opinion No. 711. Opioid use and opioid use disorder in pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 130: e 81-94. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Opioid-Use-and-Opioid-Use-Disorder-in-Pregnancy

Grekin, E. Svikis, D, et al. (2010). Drug Use During Pregnancy: Validating the Drug Abuse Screening Test Against Physiological Measures. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 24 (4): 10.1037/a0021741. doi: 10.1037/a0021741

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2015). Dramatic Increases in Maternal Opioid Use and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/infographics/dramatic-increases-in-maternal-opioid-use-neonatal-abstinence-syndrome

Saia, K. A., Schiff, D. et. al. (2016). Caring for Pregnant Women with Opioid Use Disorder in the USA: Expanding and Improving Treatment. Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports. 5(3): 257-263. doi: 10.1007/s13669-016-0168-9

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2015). Substance Use Disorders. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from: https://www.samhsa.gov/disorders/substance-use

Wilson, J. and Thorp, J. (2008). Substance Abuse in Pregnancy. Global Library of Women’s Medicine. DOI 10.3843/GLOWM.10115

Polymorphic Eruption Pregnancy

Ambros-Rudolph, C. M., Mullegger, R. R., Vaughan-Jones, S. A., Kerl, H., & Black, M. M. (2006). The specific dermatoses of pregnancy revisited and reclassified: Results of a retrospective two-center study on 505 pregnant patients. J Am Acad Dermatol, 54(3) 395.

American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2014). Frequently asked questions: Skin conditions during pregnancy. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from: http://www.acog.org/-/media/For-Patients/faq169.pdf?dmc=1&ts=20150531T1154060003.v

American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from: http://www.aocd.org/?page=PUPPP

Drugs.com. (2015). Antihistamines. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from: www.drugs.com/drug-class/antihistamines.html

Drugs.com. (2015). Glucocorticoids. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from www.drugs.com/drug-class/glucocorticoids.html

Drugs.com. (2015). Topical Emollients. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from www.drugs.com/drug-class/topical-emollients.html

Drugs.com. (2015). Topical Steroids. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from www.drugs.com/drug-class/topical-steroids.html

Ghazeer, G., Kibbi, A. G., & Abbas, O. (2012). Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy: Epidemiological, clinical, and histopathological study of 18 cases from Lebanon. International Journal of Dermatology, 51(9), 1047-1053. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05203.x

Lehrhoff, S., & Pomeranz, M. K. (2013). Specific dermatoses of pregnancy and their treatment. Dermatologic Therapy, 26, 274-284.

Munikrishna, M., & Shashidhar, B. (2011). Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy developing in a gravida having overt diabetes with hypothyroidism, pre-eclampsia and anemia. Journal of SAFOG with DVD, 3(2), 98-99.

Park, S. Y., & Kin, J. H., & Lee, W. S. (2013). Pruritic uriticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy with unique distribution developing in postpartum period. Annals of Dermatology, 25(4), 506-508. Doi: 10.5021/ad.2013.25.4.506.

Roth, M. M. (2009). Specific pregnancy dermatoses. Dermatology Nursing, 21(2), 70-81.

Assessment of Fetal Well-Being

American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2012). Guidelines for Perinatal Care (7th ed.) Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). ACOG Committee opinion no.717: Sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin and risk of birth defects. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 117(6), 1-3.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2015). ACOG Committee Opinion no. 650: Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 126.e,135-42. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/-/media/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/co650.pdf?dmc=1

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2015). ACOG committee Opinion no. 365: Prenatal and perinatal human immunodeficiency virus testing: Expanded recommendations. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1-4. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from: https://www.acog.org/-/media/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/co635.pdf?dmc=1

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2013). ACOG practice bulletin no. 95: Anemia in pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 112 (1), 201-207. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from: https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Citation/2008/07000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__95__Anemia_in_Pregnancy.41.aspx

American Diabetes Association (2018). Standards of medical care in diabetes. Retrieved March 17, 2018, from: https://professional.diabetes.org/content-page/standards-medical-care-diabetes

American Pregnancy Association. (2016). Cordocentesis : Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling (PUBS) Retrieved March 16, 2018, from: http://americanpregnancy.org/prenatal-testing/cordocentesis/

Bickley, L.S., & Szilagyi, P.G. (2008). Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking (10th ed.) Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Broussard, A. B., & Hurst, H. M. (2009). Antepartum-intrapartum complications. In M. T. Verklan & M. Walden (Eds.). AWHONN Core Curriculum For Neonatal Intensive Care Nursing. Philadelphia: Saunders.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Iron and iron deficiency anemia. Retrieved March 15, 2018, from: http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/everyone/basics/vitamins/iron.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Guidelines for vaccinating pregnant women. ACIP guidelines. Retrieved March 17, 2018, from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pregnancy/hcp/guidelines.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Prevention of varicella. Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices MMWR 62(28):574-576.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR 64 (RR-3),1-137. Retrieved March 16, 2017, from: https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/default.htm

Davidson, M. B., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2007). Old's Maternal-Newborn Nursing and Women’s Health Across the Lifespan. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Hensley, J. G. (2009). Leg cramps and restless leg syndrome during pregnancy. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 54(3), 211-218.

Hurst, H. (2007). Section 2: Selected pregnancy complications (bleeding in pregnancy). In S. Perry, K. Cashion & D. Lowdermilk, Eds. Clinical Companion For Maternity And Women's Health Care. New York: Elsevier.

Johnson, E., & Kim, E. (2011). Urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Medscape. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452604-overview

King, T., & Brucker, M. (2011). Pharmacology for Women’s Health. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Rioux, F.M., & LeBlanc, C.P. (2007). Iron supplementation during pregnancy: What are the risks and benefits of current practice? Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 32, 282-288

Roca, P. (2015). Amniocentesis. Medscape. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1997955-overview#a5

Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in pregnancy: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. (2009). Annals of Internal Medicine, 150(12), 869-873.

Springer, S. (2016). Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/936318-overview#a1

United States Preventive Services Task Force. (2014). Gestational diabetes screening. Retrieved March 15, 2018, from: http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Topic/recommendation-summary/gestational-diabetes-mellitus-screening

World Health Organization. (2012). Guideline: Daily iron and folic acid supplementation in pregnant women. Retrieved March 15, 2018, from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77770/1/9789241501996_eng.pdf

Varney, J., Kriebs, J. M., & Gegor, C. L. (2015). Varney's Midwifery (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Zheng, T. (2012). Comprehensive Handbook of Obstetrics and Gynecology (2nd ed.) Phoenix Medical Press LLC.